Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is a critical regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in breast cancer (BC) other hormone-sensitive cancers. In this review, we explore the mechanism ER-dependent downstream BC role estrogens as growth factors necessary for invasion dissemination. The significance clinical implications ER BC, including potential endocrine therapies that target estrogens’ synthesis signal transmission, such aromatase inhibitors or selective estrogen modulators, discussed. As consequence, challenges associated with resistance to these resulting from acquired mutations strategies overcome them are point new treatment strategies’ development.